地狱

(地獄, 地狱)

(sa) naraka, [lang id =1028]捺落迦 (or [lang id =1028]那落迦) ; (sa) niraya [lang id =1028]泥犂; explained by [lang id =1028]不樂 joyless; [lang id =1028]可厭 disgusting, hateful; [lang id =1028]苦具, [lang id =1028]苦器 means of suffering; if [lang id =1028]地獄 earth-prison; [lang id =1028]冥府 the shades, or departments of darkness. Earth-prison is generally intp. as hell or the hells; it may also be termed purgatory; one of the six (sa) gati or ways of transmigration. The hells are divided into three classes:

I.

Central, or radical, [lang id =1028]根本地獄 consisting of

(1) The eight hot hells. These were the original hells of primitive Buddhism, and are supposed to be located umder the southern continent Jambudvīpa [lang id =1028]瞻部州, 500 (sa) yojanas below the surface. (a) [lang id =1028]等活 or [lang id =1028]更活 Saṃjīva, rebirth, where after many kinds of suffering a cold wind blows over the soul and returns it to this life as it was before, hence the name [lang id =1028]等活. (b) [lang id =1028]黑繩 Kaslasūtra, where the sufferer is bound with black chains and chopped or sawn asunder. (c) [lang id =1028]線合; [lang id =1028]衆合; [lang id =1028]堆壓 Saṃghāta, where are multitudes of implements of torture, or the falling of mountains upon the sufferer. (d) [lang id =1028]號呌; [lang id =1028]呼呼; [lang id =1028]叫喚 Raurava, hell of wailing. (e) [lang id =1028]大呌; [lang id =1028]大號呌; [lang id =1028]大呼 Mahāraurava, hell of great wailing. (f) [lang id =1028]炎熱; [lang id =1028]燒炙 Tapana, hell of fames and burning. (g) [lang id =1028]大熱; [lang id =1028]大燒炙; [lang id =1028]大炎熱 Pratāpana, hell of molten lead. (h) [lang id =1028]無間; [lang id =1028]河鼻旨; [lang id =1028]阿惟越致; [lang id =1028]阿毗至; [lang id =1028]阿鼻; [lang id =1028]阿毗 Avīci, unintermitted suffering, where sinners die and are reborn to suffer without interval.

(2) The eight cold hells [lang id =1028]八寒地獄. (a) [lang id =1028]頞浮陀地獄 Arbuda, where the cold causes blisters. (b) [lang id =1028]尼刺部陀 Nirarbuda, colder still causing the blisters to burst. (c) [lang id =1028]頞哳吒; [lang id =1028]阿吒吒 Atata, where this is the only possible sound from frozen lips. (d) [lang id =1028]臛臛婆; [lang id =1028]阿波波 Hahava or Apapa, where it is so cold that only this sound can be uttered. (e) [lang id =1028]虎虎婆 Hāhādhara or Huhuva, where only this sound can be uttered. (f) [lang id =1028]嗢鉢羅; [lang id =1028]鬱鉢羅 (or [lang id =1028]優鉢羅) Utpala, or [lang id =1028]尼羅鳥 (or [lang id =1028]漚) [lang id =1028]鉢羅 Nīlotpala, where the skin is frozen like blue lotus buds. (g) [lang id =1028]鉢特摩 Padma, where the skin is frozen and bursts open like red lotus buds. (h) [lang id =1028]摩訶鉢特摩 Mahāpadma, ditto like great red lotus buds. Somewhat different names are also given. Cf. [lang id =1028]倶舍論 8; [lang id =1028]智度論 16; [lang id =1028]涅槃經 11.

II.

The secondary hells are called [lang id =1028]近邊地獄 adjacent hells or [lang id =1028]十六遊增 each of its four sides, opening from each such door are four adjacent hells, in all sixteen; thus with the original eight there are 136. A list of eighteen hells is given in the [lang id =1028]十八泥梨經.

III.

A third class is called the [lang id =1028]孤地獄 ([lang id =1028]獨地獄) Lokāntarika, or isolated hells in mountains, deserts, below the earth and above it. Eitel says in regard to the eight hot hells that they range 'one beneath the other in tiers which begin at a depth of 11,900 (sa) yojanas and reach to a depth of 40,000 (sa) yojanas'. The cold hells are under 'the two Tchahavālas and range shaft-like one below the other, but so that this shaft is gradually widening to the fourth hell and then narrowing itself again so that the first and last hell have the shortest, those in the centre the longest diameter'. 'Every universe has the same number of hells, ' but 'the northern continent has no hell whatever, the two continents east and west of Meru have only small Lokāntarika hells... whilst all the other hells are required for the inhabitants of the southern continent '. It may be noted that the purpose of these hells is definitely punitive, as well as purgatorial. Yama is the judge and ruler, assisted by eighteen officers and a host of demons, who order or administer the various degrees of torture. 'His sister performs the same duties with regard to female criminals, ' and it may be mentioned that the Chinese have added the [lang id =1028]血盆池 Lake of the bloody bath, or 'placenta tank' for women who die in childbirth. Release from the hells is in the power of the monks by tantric means.